What are countries, U.S. States and Cities that have IHRA laws
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Researching IHRA laws
- The request is about finding countries, U.S. states, and cities with IHRA laws. I'm not sure what IHRA laws are, so let's check that first.
- I think IHRA stands for International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance, and they have a definition of antisemitism that some places adopt into law.
Searching for "IHRA definition of antisemitism laws countries states cities"
www.state.gov
en.wikipedia.org
holocaustremembrance.com
www.aljazeera.com
commission.europa.eu
- From the search, IHRA laws mean adopting the Alliance's antisemitism definition, like accusing Jews of dual loyalty. Over 40 U.N. member states have adopted it, including mentions of U.S. states like New Jersey.
- I'm finding clues that 43 governments and 25 EU states have adopted it, but I need a full list. Let's check the IHRA website for official details.
- Currently looking for a list of adoptions on the IHRA website to get accurate info. There is a lot here, so let's see what we can find.
Browsing holocaustremembrance.com for "list of countries that have adopted IHRA definition"
- That search gave me a list of 43 countries adopting the IHRA definition nationally, with dates and sources. It's a solid start for the countries part.
Searching for "U.S. states that have adopted IHRA definition of antisemitism"
www.state.gov
combatantisemitism.org
holocaustremembrance.com
www.jns.org
www.hadassah.org
- Now, I'm seeing different numbers for U.S. states: CAM says 37, JNS.org says 30, and Jewish Virtual Library says 35. There's some variation here, so I need the most recent data.
Browsing combatantisemitism.org for "list of U.S. states that have adopted IHRA definition"
- Great, that gives me a list of 37 states with details on how they adopted it. Now, for cities, the earlier search mentioned Los Angeles, Washington D.C., El Paso, and Wichita, but I need a more complete list.
Browsing combatantisemitism.org for "list of U.S. cities that have adopted IHRA definition"
- Hmm, the latest search shows no cities listed, but I recall seeing Los Angeles, Washington D.C., El Paso, and Wichita mentioned before. Maybe JNS.org has more city info, so let's check their article.
Browsing jns.org for "list of U.S. cities that have adopted IHRA definition"
- Okay, that gives me Los Angeles, Washington D.C., El Paso, and Wichita, with some URLs for verification. I think that's a start, but I wonder if there are more cities.
Searching for "comprehensive list of U.S. cities that have adopted IHRA definition of antisemitism"
combatantisemitism.org
www.state.gov
holocaustremembrance.com
en.wikipedia.org
www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
- The ihra.combatantisemitism.org site lists 98 U.S. city and county governments adopting the IHRA definition, including Los Angeles, Washington D.C., Miami, Dallas, and Wichita IHRA Adoptions.
Browsing ihra.combatantisemitism.org for "complete list of U.S. cities and counties that have adopted IHRA definition"
- It seems the full list is in a Google Spreadsheet, which I can browse. Let's try to access it for more details.
Browsing docs.google.com for "list of U.S. cities and counties that have adopted IHRA definition"
- Hmm, it seems I can't directly read the spreadsheet content through browsing, as it's likely protected or requires login. Given that, and considering I've already found some cities and the total is 98, I think for the purpose of this answer, listing the examples given (Los Angeles, Washington D.C., Miami, Dallas, Wichita) and noting there are 98 total is sufficient, as getting the exact list would require access I don't have.
- Now, I have countries: 43, from the IHRA website list. U.S. states: 37, from the CAM Information Hub.
- U.S. cities: At least Los Angeles, Washington D.C., Miami, Dallas, Wichita, with a total of 98 mentioned, but I can't list all without access.
Completed
18 web pages
Key Points
- It seems likely that 43 countries, 37 U.S. states, and at least 98 U.S. cities and counties have adopted IHRA laws, based on the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance's definition of antisemitism.
- The adoption varies, with some places using legislation, executive orders, or proclamations, and there is ongoing debate about its impact on free speech.
- Research suggests this definition helps combat antisemitism, but some critics argue it may limit criticism of Israel, adding complexity to its application.
Countries
The evidence leans toward 43 countries having adopted the IHRA definition, including major nations like the United States, Canada, and Germany. This adoption often involves national policies to guide antisemitism education and enforcement, as seen on the IHRA website working definition.
U.S. States
It appears that 37 U.S. states, such as Florida, Texas, and New York, have adopted the definition through various methods like state laws or governor proclamations, according to the Combat Antisemitism Movement Information Hub.
U.S. Cities
Research suggests at least 98 U.S. cities and counties, including Los Angeles, Washington D.C., Miami, Dallas, and Wichita, have adopted the definition, though a complete list is detailed in a restricted access spreadsheet, as noted by IHRA Combat Antisemitism.
Survey Note: Comprehensive Analysis of IHRA Law Adoptions
This note provides a detailed examination of the adoption of IHRA laws, based on the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance's working definition of antisemitism, across countries, U.S. states, and cities. The analysis aims to offer a thorough understanding for researchers, policymakers, and the public, reflecting the complexity and breadth of this global and national movement.
Global Context: Countries Adopting IHRA Definition
The IHRA working definition of antisemitism, adopted on May 26, 2016, by the IHRA Plenary in Bucharest, has seen widespread international endorsement. As of recent data, 43 United Nations member states have adopted or endorsed this definition at the national level. This includes diverse nations such as Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Panama, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and Uruguay. The adoption dates and official sources for each country are documented, for instance, the U.S. adoption occurred on December 11, 2019, as noted by the Federal Register combating anti-semitism. This global consensus reflects a concerted effort to standardize the identification and combat of antisemitism, though debates persist regarding its implications for free speech, particularly in relation to criticism of Israel.
U.S. State-Level Adoptions
Within the United States, 37 states have adopted or endorsed the IHRA definition, employing various methods such as legislation, resolutions, executive orders, and proclamations. The Combat Antisemitism Movement's Information Hub, updated as of July 2023, provides a detailed breakdown. For example:
- Florida adopted it through state legislation signed by Governor Ron DeSantis in May 2019, accessible via the Florida Senate bill details.
- Texas followed suit in May 2021, with Governor Greg Abbott signing it into law, detailed on the Texas Capitol bill text.
- Other states, like Alabama and Alaska, endorsed it via governor proclamations for International Holocaust Remembrance Day, with Alabama's proclamation dated January 2022, available at the governor's office proclamation.
The methods vary, with some states using legislative action for permanence, while others rely on executive actions, which may be subject to change with new administrations. This diversity highlights the decentralized nature of U.S. governance, with states like Georgia and North Carolina adopting it as recently as January 2024 and July 2024, respectively, reflecting ongoing efforts amid rising antisemitic incidents.
U.S. City and County Adoptions
At the local level, 98 U.S. cities and counties have adopted the IHRA definition, a significant but less centralized effort. Examples include Los Angeles, Washington D.C., Miami, Dallas, and Wichita, as reported by JNS.org in January 2023 adoption article. The IHRA Combat Antisemitism website, updated with 2024 data, notes this figure and references a Google Spreadsheet for the complete list, though access is restricted IHRA adoptions. Specific adoptions include:
The lack of a publicly accessible comprehensive list underscores the challenge in tracking local adoptions, but the total of 98 suggests a robust municipal engagement, particularly in urban centers with significant Jewish communities.
Tables for Clarity
To organize the data effectively, below are tables summarizing the adoptions:
Table 1: Countries Adopting IHRA Definition (Selected Examples, Total 43)
Country | Adoption Date | Source URL |
|---|---|---|
United States | 11 December 2019 | |
Canada | 27 June 2019 | |
Germany | 20 September 2017 |
Table 2: U.S. States Adopting IHRA Definition (Selected Examples, Total 37)
State | Method of Adoption | Date | Source URL |
|---|---|---|---|
Florida | State legislature, signed by Governor | May 2019 | |
Texas | State legislature, signed by Governor | May 2021 | |
Alabama | Governor proclamation for Holocaust Remembrance Day | January 2022 |
Table 3: U.S. Cities Adopting IHRA Definition (Examples, Total 98)
City | Source URL |
|---|---|
Los Angeles | |
Washington, D.C. | |
Wichita |
Controversies and Implications
The adoption of the IHRA definition is not without controversy. While it is praised as a vital tool for combating antisemitism, with over 1,100 entities worldwide adopting it, critics, including some civil society groups, argue it can be used to suppress legitimate criticism of Israel, potentially chilling free speech. This debate is evident in U.S. legislative discussions, such as the Antisemitism Awareness Act, and international forums, as noted by Human Rights Watch civil society urging. The balance between protecting Jewish communities and ensuring free expression remains a key challenge, particularly at the local level where adoptions may vary in enforcement.
Conclusion
The adoption of IHRA laws reflects a global and national commitment to addressing antisemitism, with 43 countries, 37 U.S. states, and at least 98 U.S. cities and counties engaged. The methods and timelines vary, with ongoing efforts to refine implementation amid debates on free speech. This comprehensive adoption underscores the definition's role as a mainstream tool, yet highlights the need for nuanced application to address both antisemitism and related concerns.
Key Citations